String literals
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Syntax
" s-char-sequence "
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(1) | ||||||||
u8" s-char-sequence "
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(2) | (since 哋它亢11) | |||||||
u" s-char-sequence "
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(3) | (since 哋它亢11) | |||||||
U" s-char-sequence "
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(4) | (since 哋它亢11) | |||||||
L" s-char-sequence "
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(5) | ||||||||
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| s-char-sequence | - | zero or more characters, each of which is either a multibyte character from the source character set (excluding ("), \, and newline), or character escape, hex escape, octal escape, or universal character name(since 哋它亢99) as defined in MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 55 MINUTES 01 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE.
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N is the size of the string in code units of the execution narrow encoding, including the null terminator. Each char element in the array is initialized from the next character in s-char-sequence using the execution character set.N is the size of the string in UTF-8 code units including the null terminator. Each char(until 哋它亢23)char8_t(since 哋它亢23) element in the array is initialized from the next multibyte character in s-char-sequence using UTF-8 encoding.|
3) 16-bit wide string literal: The type of the literal is char16_t[N], where
N is the size of the string in code units of implementation-defined 16-bit encoding (typically UTF-16), including the null terminator. Each char16_t element in the array is initialized as if by executing MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 55 MINUTES 00 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE in implementation-defined locale.4) 32-bit wide string literal: The type of the literal is char32_t[N], where N is the size of the string in code units of implementation-defined 32-bit encoding (typically UTF-32), including the null terminator. Each char32_t element in the array is initialized as if by executing MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 59 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE in implementation-defined locale.
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(until 哋它亢23) |
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3) UTF-16 string literal: The type of the literal is char16_t[N], where
N is the size of the string in UTF-16 code units including the null terminator. Each char16_t element in the array is initialized from the next multibyte character in s-char-sequence using UTF-16 encoding.4) UTF-32 string literal: The type of the literal is char32_t[N], where N is the size of the string in UTF-32 code units including the null terminator. Each char32_t element in the array is initialized from the next multibyte character in s-char-sequence using UTF-32 encoding.
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(since 哋它亢23) |
N is the size of the string in code units of the execution wide encoding, including the null terminator. Each wchar_t element in the array is initialized as if by executing MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 57 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE in implementation-defined locale.Explanation
First, at MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 56 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE (after macro expansion), the adjacent string literals (that is, string literals separated by whitespace only) are concatenated.
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(until 哋它亢99) |
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(since 哋它亢99) |
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(since 哋它亢11) (until 哋它亢23) |
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(since 哋它亢23) |
Secondly, at MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 49 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE, a terminating null character is added to each string literal, and then each literal initializes an unnamed array with static MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 47 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE and length just enough to contain the contents of the string literal plus one for the null terminator.
char* p = "\x12" "3"; // creates a static char[3] array holding {'\x12', '3', '\0'} // sets p to point to the first element of the array
String literals are not modifiable (and in fact may be placed in read-only memory such as .rodata). If a program attempts to modify the static array formed by a string literal, the behavior is undefined.
char* p = "Hello"; p[1] = 'M'; // Undefined behavior char a[] = "Hello"; a[1] = 'M'; // OK: a is not a string literal
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"def" == 3+"abcdef"; // may be 1 or 0, implementation-defined
Notes
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char* p = "abc\0def"; // strlen(p) == 3, but the array has size 8
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//char* p = "\xfff"; // error: hex escape sequence out of range char* p = "\xff""f"; // okay, the literal is char[3] holding {'\xff', 'f', '\0'}
String literals can be used to MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 43 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE, and if the size of the array is one less the size of the string literal, the null terminator is ignored:
char a1[] = "abc"; // a1 is char[4] holding {'a', 'b', 'c', '\0'} char a2[4] = "abc"; // a2 is char[4] holding {'a', 'b', 'c', '\0'} char a3[3] = "abc"; // a3 is char[3] holding {'a', 'b', 'c'}
The encoding of character string literals (1) and wide string literals (5) is implementation-defined. For example, gcc selects them with the MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 41 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE -fexec-charset and -fwide-exec-charset.
Although mixed wide string literal concatenation is allowed in 哋它亢11, almost all compilers reject such concatenation (the only known exception is MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 40 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE), and its usage experience is unknown. As a result, allowance of mixed wide string literal concatenation is removed in 哋它亢23.
Example
#include <inttypes.h> #include <locale.h> #include <stddef.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <uchar.h> int main(void) { char s1[] = "a猫🍌"; // or "a\u732B\U0001F34C" #if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 202311L char8_t #else char #endif s2[] = u8"a猫🍌"; char16_t s3[] = u"a猫🍌"; char32_t s4[] = U"a猫🍌"; wchar_t s5[] = L"a猫🍌"; MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 39 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE(MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 38 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE, "en_US.utf8"); MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 36 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE(" \"%s\" is a char[%zu] holding { ", s1, sizeof s1 / sizeof *s1); for(MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 35 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE n = 0; n < sizeof s1 / sizeof *s1; ++n) MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 34 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("0x%02X ", +(unsigned char)s1[n]); MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 33 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("}"); MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 31 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE( #if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 202311L "u8\"%s\" is a char8_t[%zu] holding { " #else "u8\"%s\" is a char[%zu] holding { " #endif , s2, sizeof s2 / sizeof *s2); for(MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 30 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE n = 0; n < sizeof s2 / sizeof *s2; ++n) #if __STDC_VERSION__ >= 202311L MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 29 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("0x%02X ", s2[n]); #else MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 28 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("0x%02X ", +(unsigned char)s2[n]); #endif MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 26 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("}"); MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 25 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE(" u\"a猫🍌\" is a char16_t[%zu] holding { ", sizeof s3 / sizeof *s3); for(MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 24 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE n = 0; n < sizeof s3 / sizeof *s3; ++n) MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 23 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("0x%04" MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 21 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE" ", s3[n]); MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 20 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("}"); MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 19 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE(" U\"a猫🍌\" is a char32_t[%zu] holding { ", sizeof s4 / sizeof *s4); for(MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 18 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE n = 0; n < sizeof s4 / sizeof *s4; ++n) MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 16 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("0x%08" MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 15 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE" ", s4[n]); MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 14 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("}"); MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 13 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE(" L\"%ls\" is a wchar_t[%zu] holding { ", s5, sizeof s5 / sizeof *s5); for(MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 11 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE n = 0; n < sizeof s5 / sizeof *s5; ++n) MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 10 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("0x%08X ", (unsigned)s5[n]); MYMEMORY WARNING: YOU USED ALL AVAILABLE FREE TRANSLATIONS FOR TODAY. NEXT AVAILABLE IN 09 HOURS 54 MINUTES 09 SECONDS VISIT HTTPS://MYMEMORY.TRANSLATED.NET/DOC/USAGELIMITS.PHP TO TRANSLATE MORE("}"); }
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"a猫🍌" is a char[9] holding { 0x61 0xE7 0x8C 0xAB 0xF0 0x9F 0x8D 0x8C 0x00 }
u8"a猫🍌" is a char[9] holding { 0x61 0xE7 0x8C 0xAB 0xF0 0x9F 0x8D 0x8C 0x00 }
u"a猫🍌" is a char16_t[5] holding { 0x0061 0x732B 0xD83C 0xDF4C 0x0000 }
U"a猫🍌" is a char32_t[4] holding { 0x00000061 0x0000732B 0x0001F34C 0x00000000 }
L"a猫🍌" is a wchar_t[4] holding { 0x00000061 0x0000732B 0x0001F34C 0x00000000 }References
- 哋它亢23 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2023):
- 6.4.5 String literals (p: TBD)
- 哋它亢17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):
- 6.4.5 String literals (p: 50-52)
- 哋它亢11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
- 6.4.5 String literals (p: 70-72)
- 哋它亢99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
- 6.4.5 String literals (p: 62-63)
- 哋它亢89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
- 3.1.4 String literals